What are fundamental risks?

Fundamental risks are those that arise from broader forces and can impact large groups of people, economies, or whole societies. These risks are linked to significant factors such as social changes, economic shifts, political turmoil, or natural disasters.

Fundamental risks cannot be attributed to specific entities or individual policies, as they affect many people at once and usually require collective responses rather than tailored solutions. Unlike risks that are isolated or specific to an individual or organization, fundamental risks highlight the interconnected nature of societal vulnerabilities.

In contrast, other options refer to risks that are more localized or specific, either to individual policies or to a single entity, which do not capture the widespread implications associated with fundamental risks. Hence, recognizing the nature of fundamental risks is crucial for effective risk management strategies.